Грамматический справочник учебника (с. 136–137) и правила из уроков юнита.
Учебник, с. 136Question formation
The present simple
Present simple questions ask about present states, habits and regular activities.
Do you enjoy your job?
How much do they earn?
How often does he come here?
Questions with be are followed by adjectives or nouns.
Am I right?
Whose is this book?
Is your sister married?
Are they ready to go?
Present continuous
Present continuous questions ask about unfinished, temporary things at the moment. They also ask about future arrangements.
Are you working or studying?
Which course is he doing?
What time are we meeting?
Where are they living now?
Past simple
Past simple questions ask about past states, habits and regular activities and events - often with past time expressions.
What time did you leave the party last Friday?
Why did she leave her last job?
How long did they live in Germany?
Questions followed by adjectives in the past use was / were.
Were you angry about it?
Was she upset?
Present perfect simple
Present perfect questions ask about general experiences before now. They also often go with the adverb yet.
Have you been here before?
Has he finished his degree yet?
Have your parents met your new boyfriend yet?
Present perfect continuous
Present perfect continuous questions ask about actions that started in the past and are still continuing.
How long have you been working there?
How long has she been talking on the phone now?
What have they been doing all day?
be going to
Be going to questions ask about future plans.
What are you going to do after you graduate?
When is he going to arrive back in England?
Учебник, с. 137Narrative tenses
When we tell people about events that happened to us in the past, we use three main tenses: the past simple, the past continuous and the past perfect.
The past simple
Use the past simple to describe finished events that followed each other. These events are often linked together using the words and, and then, after that, when, after, before, etc.
I heard a noise and turned round to see what it was and then I just tripped and fell and hurt my knee.
On Friday, we met and had a coffee. After that, we did some shopping and then we went home.
You probably know the most useful irregular verbs already. It is best to learn any new ones when you learn a new verb. Use the list in the Vocabulary Builder to help you.
The past continuous
Use the past continuous to show an action or event was unfinished when another action happened. The verbs are often linked together using the words and, when or while.
I was walking down the street when I heard a noise behind me and I turned round and tripped and fell.
(= I fell before I got to the end of the street)
My parents met when they were both working in Nigeria. (= They continued to work there after they met)
While I made the dinner, she was just sitting around watching TV. (= I finished making dinner before she stopped watching TV)
The past perfect
Use the past perfect to emphasise that something finished before another past action, past event or time already mentioned. The past perfect is very common after the verbs realise, find out, discover and remember. The past perfect often goes with the words by the time, before, after and already.
I suddenly remembered I hadn’t turned the cooker off, so I went back home, but by the time I got there, the kitchen had already caught fire.
She found out it wasn’t the first time he’d stolen something from her.
When I unpacked my bag, I realised I’d forgotten to bring any underwear!
These are not the only uses of these tenses. You will meet some other examples later on in the course.
Учебник, с. 8–13Правила из уроков юнита
Question formation (p. 8)
We generally make questions by using the auxiliary verb (be / have / do) + the subject (you / your parents / he / they) and then a noun, adjective or verb.
Are you a doctor? · Have your parents left already? · What did you do yesterday? · What are you doing now?
Narrative tenses (p. 12)
The past simple: I stayed in and watched TV. / I went to bed as soon as I got home. / I didn’t hear you.
The past continuous: I was chatting to him and he suddenly walked off. / I’m sorry. I wasn’t listening.
The past perfect: He told me he’d asked you. / In the morning, I realised I’d left my bag in the restaurant.
| Tense | Usage (p. 12, ex. C — по ключу) |
|---|
| The past continuous | shows an action was unfinished when another past action happened. |
| The past perfect | emphasises an action that happened before another past action, time or event |
| The past simple | shows completed actions that follow one after the other. |
Other uses of the past continuous (p. 12)
Sometimes we use the past continuous to emphasise an activity and the fact that it went on for a period of time.
I was banging on the door and shouting, but nothing.
I’m looking for a flat to rent and I was phoning round a few places this morning before class.
Asking follow-up questions (p. 9)
We often follow up a question and answer by asking a related question to find out more details. Some of these questions are quite fixed.
John was telling me … (p. 13)
We often use X was telling me (that) to report what someone said, and then continue the conversation by adding a comment or a question.
Native speaker English (p. 8)
I’m really into — In English, people often say I’m really into instead of I really like. It is generally used when talking about music, sport, films and free-time activities. This is particularly common among young people.
I’m really into cooking. I’m really into jazz.
Language patterns (p. 9)
I’d rather not say.
I’d rather not.
I’d rather not talk about it, if you don’t mind.
I’d rather go somewhere else, if that’s OK with you.
I’d rather do something else.
Key words for writing: too, also, as well, as well as
As well, too and also all mean the same thing. However, the way we use as well and too is different from the way we use also.
I’m really into electronic music and I quite like jazz and hip-hop as well.
I’m really into electronic music and I quite like jazz and hip-hop too.
I’m really into electronic music and I also quite like jazz and hip-hop.
As well, too at the end of the sentence; also placed between subject and verb (but after the verb to be). (ключ)
As well as is sometimes used to join two ideas instead of using and or but. It is often used along with as well, too and also.
As well as being really into electronic music, I quite like jazz and hip-hop too.
As well as working long hours, I also like going out and having fun.